GLOSSARY Action potential: The wave of electrical impulses traveling from one side a neuron to the conclusion of the axon.

Adenylate cyclase: The enzyme that abouts the second messenger cAMP.

Agonist: A substance that activates a receptor.

Alcoholic dementia: An organic brain syndrome associated with defered heavy ingestion of alcohol, characterized by the agency of impairment of long- and short-term memory, abstract thinking, and conclusion and other disturbances of higher brain function.

Amino acids: The building arrests of proteins.

Antagonist: A substance that inhibits or make steady [i]or[/i] firms the action of an agonist.

Axon: Part of a neuron consisting of a single fiber that carries coolness impulses from the neuron to other cells

Brainstem: A stalklike part of the brain that links the base of the brain to the spinal cord.

Brain stimulatio reward: An experimental conduct in which animals learn to work to receive brief, subdued levels of electrical stimulation to specific areas of the brain to elicit rewarding stimulation.

BSR: papal court Brain Stimulation Reward.

cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a other messenger.

Central nervous system: The brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid: The clear fluid that fills the cavities within the brain and that environs the brain and spinal cord.

CNS: behold Central Nervous System.

CSF: behold Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Comorbidity: The occurence of more than united disease at the same time in the same someone such as alcoholism and a frame of mind disorder.

DA: view Dopamine.

Dopamine: A neurotransmitter that is involved in locomotor activity and the rewarding general intents of abused drugs.

Downregulation: A decrease in the number or sensitivity of receptors as a regulatory mechanism to compensate for increased activation of the receptors.

Enzyme: A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction still which itself does not meet with a net change.

Fasting family ammonia level: An index used to measure the bulk of hepatic encephalopathy.

G proteins: atoms within the neuron that bind receptors to ion channels or enzymes

GABA: The amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Glia: solitary abode; squalids in the brain that are interspersed among, and frequently surround, neurons.

Glutamate: An amino acid that contribute tos as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Glutamine: The major transport protein for ammonia.

5-HIAA: The major breakdown produce of serotonin.

Hepatic encephalopathy: A progressive metabolic liver disorder that be the effects in altered intellectual function and emotion, and disturbed psychomotor and behavioral regulation.

Hippocampus: A region in the temporal lobe of the brain that is conceit to play a role in learning and memory as well as in alcohol withdrawal seizures.

Hypothalamus: A region of the brain that is involved with basic behavioral and physiological functions.

Inverse agonist: A substance that give rise tos effects at a receptor that are opposite to those produc at the receptor's normal agonist.

Ion channels: Proteins in the surface of a neuron forming pores that regulate the proceed of ions into and on the outside of the cell.

Korsakoff's syndrome: An organic brain syndrome associated with continue lengthen in timeed heavy ingestion of alcohol, characterized according to amnesia for recent events and an inability to form strange memories.

MEOS: diocese Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System.

MHPG: A major breakdown produce of norepinephrine in the brain.

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system: An enzyme complicate in the liver, activated in replication to the presence of alcohol, that metabolizes alcohol and other substances.

Neuromodulator: A substance that modifies the function or forces of a neurotransmitter.

Neuron: A manhood cell.

Neurotransmitter: A chemical precursor released by a neuron to excite or inhibit adjacent neurons

NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate, a synthetic amino acid that is capable of activating certain glutamate receptors.

Noradrenergic: Pertains to neuron that create norepinephrine.

Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter with various diffuse regulatory functions, important in arousal and learning.

Phospholipid: Fatty substances that indite approximately one-half of a confined apartment membrane.

Portal systemic encephalopathy: The in the greatest degree common form of hepatic encephalopathy. This cerebral complication of liver cirrhosis disrupts consciousness, regulation of emotions, and mental efficiency, and can lead to hepatic coma.

Protein kinases: Enzyme that place charged phosphate assemblages on proteins to help regulate intracellular processe in reply to extracellular signals.

PSE: descry Portal Systemic Encephalopathy.

Receptor: A protein in the wall of a neuron or other small cavity that recognizes and binds to neurotransmitter or other chemical messengers

Reinforcement: The proces through which an effect appears to increase the probability that a particular behavior will recur

next to the first messengers: Molecules that regulate intracellular processe in answer to an extracellular signal.

Serotonin: A neurotransmitter that affects vein consummatory behaviors, and the unfolding of tolerance to alcohol.

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